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Prehistory

Cave of the first people
Source: Contentplus.pl sp. z o.o., Sol90, tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.

link to the lesson

You will learn
  • to explain how human evolution of human took place and where it started;

  • to describe how the theory of evolutiontheory of evolution/evolutiontheory of evolution was created and who its author is;

  • to characterize how the first people lived;

  • to tell about the first inventions and achievements of humankind;

  • to explain what the Neolithic revolutionNeolithic revolutionNeolithic revolution was;

  • to define the significance of the Neolithic revolutionNeolithic revolutionNeolithic revolution for the history of humankind;

  • to talk about the oldest human settlements and buildings.

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Nagranie abstraktu

PrehistoryprehistoryPrehistory is the longest period in history. Its duration as a period in the history of humankind is starts from the moment of appearance of hominidshominidshominids (the Hominidae) in Africa about 2.5 million years ago, and ends with the invention of writing in the early 4th millennium B.C. During this period, a complicated process of human evolution took place, the last stage of which was the appearance of Homo sapiens sapiens, the human. The creator of the theory of evolutiontheory of evolution/evolutiontheory of evolution is considered to be the British naturalist Charles Darwin, who in his work On the Origin of Species described the transformations taking place in the world of animals adapting to environmental changes. The early humans led nomadic lives and lived in groups of enough numbers to take care of their safety and find food together. By means of trials and errors, they learned about the world around them and gained the necessary experience to survive. Over time, they learned to make a fire, hunt animals or build shelters. A great breakthrough in the history of humankind was the ability to produce and improve tools, such as hand axesHandaxehand axes, i.e. primitive knives fitted to the hands, and the art of lighting fire, thanks to which predators could be driven away and more nutritious food could be prepared. Primitive people have also left traces of art – which can be found in more than a hundred caves all over Spain and France. About 14 thousand years ago, the climate started to warm up after the Ice Age, known as PleistocenePleistocenePleistocene. During the Ice Age, most of the large mammals died out, and there was a clear change – the large plains of the Northern Hemisphere, freed from ice, were covered by lush vegetation. Humans had to adapt to the changes taking place around them – they started to live a sedentary lifestyle, cultivate the land and breed animals. It took place about 8 thousand years B.C. in the area of the so‑called Fertile CrescentFertile CrescentFertile Crescent, starting a ground‑breaking stage of the development in the history of humankind. Neolithic revolutionNeolithic revolutionNeolithic revolution, which was the name given to these changes in history, caused the communities, which so far had been leading a hunter‑gatherer lifestyle, to settle in convenient and fertile areas, giving rise to the first urban centres. One of the first and best preserved NeolithicNeolithicNeolithic settlements to this day is Catal Huyuk, in the territory of today's Turkey, the origins of which are estimated at about 8‑10 thousand years.

Task 1

Look at the illustration and learn about the history of Charles Darwin, the creator of the theory of evolution.

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Ilustracja przedstawiająca ewolucję człowieka od robaka do wiktoriańskiego dżentelmena. Obok ilustracji znajdują się dopiski o następującej treści: 1. Charles Darwin, the creator of the theory of evolution was a British naturalist and geologist. For his passions he abandoned studies in medicine and theology, fully devoted himself to researching nature and natural history. 2. The naturalist was offered the opportunity to participate in a research expedition aimed at mapping the coast of South America. The journey, which lasted almost 5 years, resulted in the discovery of many new species and observations of nature, contributing to the development of the theory of species evolution. 3. In 1859 Darwin published a work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in which he presented his theory of evolution. It has become the foundation for modern biology. Although it was acknowledged by many researchers at the time, for decades it was treated extremely critically because it contradicted the vision of the world given by the Bible. 4. Charles Darwin's proclamation of his theory aroused international interest, in particular the thesis that man descends from the ape. Although such views have already been expressed, Darwin has become the greatest victim of criticism, often portrayed in caricatures as an ape.
alternative description 5. Charles Darwin always caught and ate at least one piece of each newly discovered species. And agouti's meat, a rodent related to the guinea pig, he even described as the best meat he ever ate.
Punch's almanac depicts Darwin amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman
Source: domena publiczna.
Task 2

Describe how the appearance of the early humans has changed over hundreds of thousands of years.

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Evolution of early people
Source: Contentplus.pl sp. z o.o., Sol90, tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.
Task 3
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu i zastanów się, czego jeszcze chciałbyś się dowiedzieć w związku z tematem lekcji.
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu i zastanów się, czego jeszcze chciałbyś się dowiedzieć w związku z tematem lekcji.
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Early human migrations
Source: Krystian Chariza i zespół.
Task 4

Watch the video and think about how hunting could affect the development of communication between early humans.

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Film przedstawia skoordynowaną akcję ataku na stado mamutów przeprowadzoną przez pierwszych ludzi. Akcja dzieję się w skalistym wąwozie. Ludzie najpierw oddzielają najmniejsze zwierzę ze stada, wchodząc między zwierzęta i wymachując włóczniami. Zapędzają swoją ofiarę w ślepy zaułek. Ludzie stojący na szczycie wąwozu zrzucają skały na zapędzone zwierzę, które traci przytomność i zostaje dobite przez ludzi.
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Exercise 1
Among the features below, mark those that are characteristic of the Neolithic revolution. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. leading a sedentary lifestyle, 2. mammoth hunting, 3. living in nomadic groups, 4. ability to ignite fire, 5. the ability to grow cereals, 6. ability to breed animals, 7. ability to make tools, 8. movement for the purpose of seeking food
1
Task 5

Familiarize yourself with information about the prehistoric city of Catal Huyuk, then consider what elements it lacks in comparison to the modern city, and why.

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Grafika przedstawiająca prehistoryczne miasto Catal Huyuk. Na ilustracji widoczne są dopiski. 1. Hides and furs Sun-dried hides and hemmed fabrics were marked with stone or wooden stamps., 2. Rubbish-bin Objects found in the courtyard, such as damaged tools or animal bones, suggest that it served as a rubbish-bin., 3. Safety In order to better protect the houses from enemy attacks, the entrances were placed on the roofs. Ladders led to them, which also enabled safe communication between buildings., 4. Pantry In the pantry, there were clay containers for food and a place for storing cereals., 5. Funeral The dead bodies were left outside until they were completely decomposed. In the basement, only the bones of the deceased were buried., 6. Stable The majority of the courtyard was intended for a stable and a space for sheep and goats. The meat of these animals, together with wheat and barley, constituted the basis of the diet of the inhabitants., 7. Structure of the building The walls of the house, sometimes supported by wooden pillars, were built of mud and grass, dried in the sun bricks. The beams covered with reeds formed a roof. The whole building - the walls and the roof - was covered with silt. The interiors of the houses were plastered, painted and decorated., 8. Arrangement of the house The residential part consisted of two rooms. In the middle of the main hall there was a fireplace; around it, there was a stove for preparing meals and a seat for the residents. The second room was used as a kitchen and a pantry.
Catal Hyuk
Source: tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.
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Exercise 2
Based on the lessons and your own knowledge, divide the statements into true and false. TRUE Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. A man from Ötzi was found in the Himalayas., 2. The earliest species of our genus was Homo habilis., 3. Venus of Willendorf is an example of the prehistoric ideal of womanhood and probably presents the first female deities., 4. Pleistocene is called the Green Age., 5. One of the most beautiful rock paintings can be found in the Postojna Cave in Slovenia., 6. Our human ancestors learned to use one of the most important inventions of humankind, fire, around a million to half a million years ago., 7. First people lived in the areas of Asia and Australia., 8. Prehistory is the first historical period., 9. The creator of the theory of species evolution is the British naturalist Charles Darwin., 10. The Neolithic revolution is a change that resulted in sedentary lifestyle, ability to breed animals and cultivate the land (cereals). FALSE Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. A man from Ötzi was found in the Himalayas., 2. The earliest species of our genus was Homo habilis., 3. Venus of Willendorf is an example of the prehistoric ideal of womanhood and probably presents the first female deities., 4. Pleistocene is called the Green Age., 5. One of the most beautiful rock paintings can be found in the Postojna Cave in Slovenia., 6. Our human ancestors learned to use one of the most important inventions of humankind, fire, around a million to half a million years ago., 7. First people lived in the areas of Asia and Australia., 8. Prehistory is the first historical period., 9. The creator of the theory of species evolution is the British naturalist Charles Darwin., 10. The Neolithic revolution is a change that resulted in sedentary lifestyle, ability to breed animals and cultivate the land (cereals).

Keywords

prehistory, Neolith, revolution, hominids, Pleistocene

Glossary

Prehistory
Prehistory
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Nagranie słówka: Prehistory

Prehistoria – okres najdawniejszych dziejów człowieka do czasu wynalezienia pisma około 4000 r. p.n.e. Nie zalicza się do epok historycznych i jest najdłuższym okresem w dziejach ludzkości.

Hominids
Hominids
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Nagranie słówka: Hominids

Hominidy – nazywane też człowiekowate, rodzina ssaków o dużej inteligencji i skłonności do pionowej, dwunożnej postawy oraz umiejętności wytwarzania i używania narzędzi.

Handaxe
Handaxe
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Nagranie słówka: Handaxe

Pięściak – prehistoryczne narzędzie wykonane najczęściej z krzemienia lub innych twardych skał o owalnym kształcie, służące do cięcia.

Cave painting
Cave painting
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Nagranie słówka: Cave painting

Malarstwo jaskiniowe – nazywane często malarstwem naskalnym. Są to malowidła powstałe w czasach prehistorycznych na ścianach jaskiń przedstawiające najczęściej zwierzęta. Najsłynniejsze przykłady można znaleźć w Lascaux we Francji i Altamirze w Hiszpanii.

Theory of evolution/evolution
Theory of evolution/evolution
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Nagranie słówka: Theory of evolution/evolution

Ewolucja – to długotrwały proces przemian, które dokonują się w obrębie gatunku w kolejnych pokoleniach jego istnienia. Jego podstawową cechą jest eliminacja poprzez selekcję naturalną.

Pleistocene
Pleistocene
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Nagranie słówka: Pleistocene

Plejstocen – epoka istnienia ziemi trwająca ponad 2,5 mln lat, nazywana potocznie epoką lodowcową, ze względu na lądolody, które pokrywały wtedy znaczą część świata. Podczas jej trwania rozwinął się i wykształcił człowiek rozumny z rodzaju Homo.

Neolithic
Neolithic
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Nagranie słówka: Neolithic

Neolit – zwany też młodszą epoką kamienia, to okres w dziejach świata (9000‑3500 lat p.n.e.), którego charakterystyczną cechą było pojawienie się rolnictwa, hodowli zwierząt i osiadły tryb życia ludzi – rewolucja neolityczna.

Neolithic revolution
Neolithic revolution
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Nagranie słówka: Neolithic revolution

Rewolucja neolityczna – zmiany w życiu ludzi zachodzące w neolicie, których najważniejszym efektem był osiadły tryb życia, umiejętność hodowli zwierząt i uprawy roli (zbóż).

Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent
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Nagranie słówka: Fertile Crescent

Żyzny Półksiężyc – żyzny pas ziemi w kształcie łuku rozciągający się od Zatoki Perskiej (Mezopotamii) do półwyspu Synaj (Egiptu). Był powstania pierwszych stałych osad ludzkich i miejscem narodzin pierwszych cywilizacji.

Megalith
Megalith
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Nagranie słówka: Megalith

Megality – wielkie, prehistoryczne budowle kamienne, występujące na obszarze całego świata z epoki neolitu, rzadziej brązu, o charakterze kulturowym, grobowym i prawdopodobnie astronomicznym.