Przeczytaj
Many discoveries of science are obvious for us now, but remember, in the past people didn’t know many of these things. For example, did you know that the circulatory system was only discovered in the 1620s? You’ll now read a short lecture on human anatomy.
Obecnie wiele naukowych odkryć zdaje się nam oczywistymi, jednak musisz pamiętać, że w przeszłości ludzie nie mieli o tych rzeczach pojęcia. Czy wiedziałeś/wiedziałaś, że układ krążenia został odkryty dopiero w latach 20. XVII wieku? Przeczytasz teraz krótki wykład o anatomii człowieka.
Read the text and do the exercises below.
Hello, everyone! In today’s class I will tell you about human anatomy, which is the study of how the human body is built. The body is built of four limbslimbs (arms and legs), a neck and a head, all of which are connected by the torsotorso. All of it is covered by skin. On the inside, the body is mostly defined by a skeleton surrounded by fat, musclemuscle, connective tissueconnective tissue and organs, amongamong other structures. The most important part of the skeletal systemskeletal system is the spinespine, inside which there are nerves, connecting the brain to the rest of the body. It is thanks to the nervous system that our bodies function and, among other things, our limbs do what we want them to.
There are a number of vitalvital organs inside our body such as the brain, stomachstomach, the intestinesintestines, liverliver, pancreaspancreas and spleenspleen. The brain and the central nervous systemcentral nervous system are separated by the blood‑brain barrierblood‑brain barrier, whose function is to keep the bacteria and other pathogenspathogens away from the brain.
The circulatory systemcirculatory system is what distributesdistributes oxygenoxygen and keeps us alive. BloodBlood moves through arteriesarteries and veinsveins because of the beating of the heart. To put it simply, blood low in oxygen is collected from tissuestissues and carried to the right side of the heart, from where it is sent to the lungs. It receives oxygen and is sent to the left side of the heart. From there it is pumped to the aorta, the body’s largest artery, and is sent to smaller arteries so it reaches tissue. Soon the process begins again. But blood doesn’t only carry oxygen - it also carries waste products and hormones. It is filtered in the kidneyskidneys and liver.
Our outside appearance variesvaries largelylargely, depending on heightheight, weightweight, shape and body proportions. But, as you can see, inside, we are all the same. Thank you for listening.
Źródło: Zdzisław Dudek, Luiza Kubalska, dostępny w internecie: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/organs-in-the-body#vital-organs [dostęp 23.06.2022], https://my.clevelandclinic.org [dostęp 23.06.2022], https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/ [dostęp 23.06.2022], https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body [dostęp 23.06.2022], licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
- A 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton is an arm or a leg of a mammal.
- The limbs, head, and neck are linked with the 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton.
- The frame of bones that supports our body is the 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton, which is mostly covered by fat and muscle.
- A crucial part of the skeletal system is our 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton.
- 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton connect the brain to our body so that we can function.
- The 1. limb, 2. torso, 3. blood-brain barrier, 4. spine, 5. Nerves, 6. skeleton divides the brain and the central nervous system from one another.
- The circulatory systemspleenliver distributes oxygen that we need to survive.
- There is brainintestinesblood circulating in our veins and arteries.
- The pathogensheartbrain is responsible for pumping out blood to different parts of the body.
- HormonesTissuesPancreas are also transferred in blood.
- KidneysLegsArteries help clean blood.
Słownik
/ əˈmʌŋ /
pośród
/ ˈɑːtəriz /
tętnice
/ ˈɑːtəri /
tętnica
/ blʌd /
krew
/ blʌd ˈbreɪn ˈbæriə /
bariera krew‑mózg
/ ˈsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm /
centralny układ nerwowy
/ ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪtəri ˈsɪstəm /
układ krążenia
/ kəˈnektɪv ˈtɪʃuː /
tkanka łączna
/ dɪˈstrɪbjuːts / / dɪˈstrɪbjuːt /
rozprowadza [rozprowadzać]
/ haɪt /
wzrost
/ ɪnˈtestɪnz /
jelita
/ ˈkɪdnɪz / / ˈkɪdni /
nerki [nerka]
/ ˈlɑːdʒli /
w dużym stopniu, głównie
/ lɪmz /
kończyny [kończyna]
/ ˈlɪvə /
wątroba
/ ˈmæml̩ /
ssak
/ ˈmʌsl̩ /
mięsień
/ ˈɒksɪdʒən /
tlen
/ ˈpæŋkrɪəs /
trzustka
/ ˈpæthetathetaədʒənz /
patogeny [patogen]
/ ˈskelətl̩ ˈsɪstəm /
układ kostny
/ spaɪn /
kręgosłup
/ spliːn /
śledziona
/ ˈstʌmək /
żołądek, brzuch
/ ˈtɪʃuːz / / ˈtɪʃuː /
tkanki [tkanka]
/ ˈtɔːsəʊ /
tors
/ ˈtrænsplɑːnt /
przeszczep
/ ˈveərɪz // ˈveəri /
różni się [różnić się]
/ veɪnz / / veɪn /
żyły [żyła]
/ ˈvaɪtl̩ /
kluczowy
/ weɪt /
waga
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY‑SA 3.0