Baroque was a period in the history of Europe lasting from the mid‑16th century to the end of the 17th century. The name „Baroque” comes from the Portuguese word „barocco” which means a pearl of irregular shape.
Baroque developed under the influence of religious disputes between Catholicism and Protestantism. It encompassed all spheres of life and most of the social classes.
This period was characterized by a diverse and contrasting culture. There were two philosophical views at that time: rationalismRationalismrationalism and empiricismEmpiricismempiricism. Rationalists believed that the only source of cognition is the reason, while empiricists proclaimed that only experience allows one to gain knowledge about the world. In art, the individualism of the artist, who in his works referred to the feelings and emotions of the viewer, came to the fore.
Baroque art dealt with various topics - besides sacral art, court art was created. Painters depicted scenes from the lives of saints and rulers of that time. They used rich colours, chiaroscuroChiaroscurochiaroscuro and perspective, as well as a dynamic, open composition.
Rulers and magnates built magnificent castles, palaces and tenement houses. Palace of Versailles - the residence of French kings, became an artistic example for entire Europe. Establishing gardens and parks became very popular.
In the Baroque period, modern theatre as we know it was developed. Special buildings to hold theatrical spectacles on the basis of, among others, plays by Shakespeare and Molière were erected. At that time, the operaOperaopera was born.
Polish Baroque artists were inspired by the architecture of the West. In the 17th century, Baroque royal and magnate residences, such as the Wilanów Palace, were built, and the royal castles on the Wawel hill and in Warsaw were rebuilt in this spirit. The development of the Baroque architecture in Poland was closely connected with the patronage of the Catholic Church.
Polish Baroque art was specifically reflected in Sarmatism - the ideology of the Polish nobility, which proclaimed the ideals of manorial life, glorified native customs and Catholic faith. Polish Sarmatians fancied building wooden manor houses, which corresponded to the model of life in the countryside they propagated.
In the field of painting, portrait art was developing dynamically. Paintings depicting ancestors started to adorn the walls of magnate residences and noble manors.
Task 1
What was baroque art characterized by?
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Fotografia barwna przedstawiająca barokowy detal z powozu w Portugalskim Muzeum Powozów w Lizbonie.
Baroque detail from the carriage at the Portuguese Museum of Carriages in Lisbon
Source: Ricardo Tulio Gandelman, licencja: CC BY 2.0.
Task 2
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Create a crossword with the terms related to the Baroque period.
Create a crossword with the terms related to the Baroque period.
Create a crossword with the terms related to the Baroque period.
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Exercise 1
The Catholic churches of the Baroque period were characterized by: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. affecting many senses, 2. exaggeration in ornamentation and painting, 3. moderation, 4. simplicity, 5. horror vacui
The Catholic churches of the Baroque period were characterized by: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. affecting many senses, 2. exaggeration in ornamentation and painting, 3. moderation, 4. simplicity, 5. horror vacui
The Catholic churches of the Baroque period were characterized by:
affecting many senses
exaggeration in ornamentation and painting
moderation
simplicity
horror vacui
Task 3
List the most important temples constructed in the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Baroque period. What church of the European Baroque was a model for them?
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Fotografia barwna przedstawiająca Kościół w Nieświeżu jako przykład historycznego barokowego budynku.
Church in Niasvizh as an example of a historic baroque building.
Source: Alex Zelenko, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Exercise 2
Match the terms with their definitions. Rationalism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Empiricism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Calvary Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Opera Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Chiaroscuro Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Messianism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Marinism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Volute Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Pilaster Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building
Match the terms with their definitions. Rationalism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Empiricism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Calvary Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Opera Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Chiaroscuro Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Messianism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Marinism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Volute Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building Pilaster Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., 2. contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, 3. idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., 4. belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., 5. philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., 6. complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., 7. decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, 8. stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones., 9. a flat pillar outside the façade of a building
Match the terms with their definitions.
poetic style used in Baroque literature. Its task was to surprise the audience with its original style and surprising theme. The name comes from Giambattista Marino, an Italian poet who created this style., a flat pillar outside the façade of a building, belief in the historical mission of the Polish nobility to defend Catholicism., philosophical view putting reason as a source of cognition and a criterion of truth., contrast between bright and dark elements of an image, idea stating that the basic role in cognition is played by experiencing the world on one's own., complex of buildings commemorating the Passion of Christ., decorative motif in spiral or coil shape, stage musical spectacle, consisting of vocal and instrumental parts, sometimes also danced and spoken ones.
Marinizm – styl poetycki charakterystyczny dla literatury baroku. Nazwa pochodzi od nazwiska twórcy – włoskiego poety Giambattisty Marino. Utwory reprezentujące ten styl odznaczają się efektownymi, misternymi metaforami opartymi o niezwykłe, zaskakujące skojarzenia, a także kwiecistym słownictwem i kunsztownymi figurami retorycznymi.
