Topicm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449000663_0Topic

Cosmic velocities

Levelm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

III. Gravity and elements of astronomy. The student:

2) indicates the force of gravity as a centripetal force in the circular orbitorbitorbit motion; calculates the value of the velocity in a circular orbit with any radiusradiusradius; discusses the movement of satellites around the Earth.

Timingm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Indicates the force of gravityforce of gravityforce of gravity as a centripetal force in the circular orbit motion.

Key competencesm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Calculates the value of the velocity in a circular orbit with any radius.

2. Discusses the movement of satellites around the Earth.

Operational (detailed) goalsm5af8e97a704de15a_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- explains why the satellitesatellitesatellite can move around the Earth,

- lists the quantities describing the satellite movement.

Methodsm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workm5af8e97a704de15a_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm5af8e97a704de15a_1528450127855_0Introduction

The teacher initiates the discussion. The students draw a mind map.

What keeps the satellite up?

Procedurem5af8e97a704de15a_1528446435040_0Procedure

The teacher explains the quantities describing the movement of a satellitesatellitesatellite on the orbit.

An ability of a satellite to remain on its orbitorbitorbit results of a balance between its velocity and the gravitational force exerted by the Earth. Without this balance, the satellite would fly in a straight line off into space or fall back to the Earth.

The larger the radiusradiusradius of the satellite orbit, the smaller its velocity.

[Interactive graphics]

The force of gravityforce of gravityforce of gravity acts as a centripetal force in the movement of an object circulating around the planet, e.g. Earth:

G·Mz·mr2=m·v2r

where:
G – gravitational constant,
MIndeks dolny Z – mass of the Earth,
m – mass of the satellite,
r – radiusradiusradius of the satellite orbit,
v – velocity of the satellite.

Using above equation the orbital velocity can be derived:

v=G·Mzr

The students provide some calculations.

Task 1

Do necessary calculations and show how to obtain the formula of the first cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocity.

1Indeks górny st cosmic velocity:

The first cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocity is the minimum velocity that should be given to the body (velocity vector is tangenttangenttangent to the surface of the Earth), so that it can circulate in a circular orbitorbitorbit with a radiusradiusradius equal to the Earth's radius.

The following figure shows the trajectories of bodies ejected horizontally. When we give the body a velocity equal to the first cosmic velocity, the body will circulate the Earth in a uniform circular motion.

In the case when we give the body a velocity lower than the first cosmic velocity, the body will fall to Earth, the quicker, the lower the velocity.

[Ilustracja 1]

The students provide some calculations.

Task 2

The 1Indeks górny st cosmic velocity is 7900 ms. Do some calculations using equations above and check if you get the same value.m5af8e97a704de15a_1527752256679_0The 1Indeks górny st cosmic velocity is 7900 ms. Do some calculations using equations above and check if you get the same value.

PeriodperiodPeriod of a satellitesatellitesatellite:

The time the satellite takes to make one full orbit around an object is called period.

If the satellite's speed v and the radiusradiusradius r at which it orbits are known, also its periodperiodperiod T can be calculated.

The speed of a satellite can be calculated as:

v=2·π·rT

and also can be expressed as:

v=G·Mzr

By comparing both formula, the other form of the third Kepler’s law can be derived:

T2r3=4·π2G·Mz

where: 
T - the period of the satellitesatellitesatellite
r - the radius of orbitorbitorbit.

The first cosmic velocity does not depend on the mass of the satellite, but on the mass of the planet it circulates (e.g. Earth).

Lesson summarym5af8e97a704de15a_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The first cosmic velocity is the minimum velocity that should be given to the body (velocity vector is tangent to the surface of the Earth), so that it can circulate in a circular orbit with a radius equal to the Earth's radius.

The time the satellite takes to make one full orbit around an object is called period.
m5af8e97a704de15a_1527752263647_0The first cosmic velocity is the minimum velocity that should be given to the body (velocity vector is tangent to the surface of the Earth), so that it can circulate in a circular orbit with a radius equal to the Earth's radius.

The time the satellite takes to make one full orbit around an object is called period.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

first cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocityfirst cosmic velocity

periodperiodperiod

orbitorbitorbit

force of gravityforce of gravityforce of gravity

satellitesatellitesatellite

radiusradiusradius

tangenttangenttangent

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orbit1
orbit

orbita

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radius1
radius

promień

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force of gravity1
force of gravity

siła grawitacji

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satellite1
satellite

satelita

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first cosmic velocity1
first cosmic velocity

pierwsza prędkość kosmiczna

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tangent1
tangent

styczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: tangent
period1
period

okres obiegu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: period