Topicma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449000663_0Topic

The Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP)

Levelma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

Grade VII and VIII

III. Using the computer, digital devices and computer networks. The student:

1) schematically presents the structure and operation of a computer network, a school and home network and the Internet.

Timingma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General objectivema7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449523725_0General objective

Identifying the notions related to a computer network.

Specific objectivesma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449552113_0Specific objectives

1. Identifying a network address and the terms related to it.

2. Defining the classification of Internet domains.

Learning outcomesma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528450430307_0Learning outcomes

The student:

- defines the terms: ‘network address’, ‘domain’domain‘domain’, ‘subnet masksubnet masksubnet mask’ and ‘gateway’gateway‘gateway’,

- identifies the types of domains.

Methodsma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning through observation.

2. Using the knowledge in practical situations.

Forms of workma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Class work.

Lesson stages

Introductionma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528450127855_0Introduction

The teacher initiates a discussion about network addresses.

What is a network address?

What parts is it composed of?

Who or what owns a network address?

Procedurema7a99e049c0e51cb_1528446435040_0Procedure

A host is a computer or a device connected to a computer network that is assigned an IP address. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between various computer networks, i.e. mediates communication. Nowadays this division is a bit artificial – one computer can be both assigned a network address and enable communication, i.e. be a host and a router at the same time.ma7a99e049c0e51cb_1527752256679_0A host is a computer or a device connected to a computer network that is assigned an IP address. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between various computer networks, i.e. mediates communication. Nowadays this division is a bit artificial – one computer can be both assigned a network address and enable communication, i.e. be a host and a router at the same time.

IP addressIP addressIP address

In the Internet Protocol (IP), every network Internet of a host is assigned a unique address. The network addresses defined by Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and version 6 (IPv6) are in common use in the internet today. Internet users do not have to know IP addresses due to the DNS protocol, which converts the mnemonic addresses of hosts into their IP addresses.

An IPv4 address is a 32‑bit binary address represented as four 8‑bit groups called octets, usually presented in decimal notation for convenience.

[Illustration 1]

In IPv6, the successor of the IPv4 protocol, the address size was increased from 32 bits to 128 bits in connection with the shrinking resources of IPv4 addresses. An IPv6 address is usually represented as eight 16‑bit blocks presented in hexadecimal notation, separated by a colon.

[Illustration 2]

Public addressespublic addressesPublic addresses are used in the public part of the Internet. Open‑access web services can be operated on computers that are assigned these addresses. Private addressesprivate addressesPrivate addresses can be used only in local networks. They only enable the access of computers to the Internet.

A subnet masksubnet masksubnet mask specifies how many bits of an IP addressIP addressIP address identify a network, and how many of them identify a computer connected to this network. If the bit in the subnet mask is represented by 1, then the corresponding bit in the IP address is the bit of the network address. The bits represented as zeroes in the subnet mask specify the corresponding bits in the IP address as part of the host address. Subnets masks are usually presented in decimal notation.

A gatewaygatewaygateway is the address of the network interface of a router which allows you to connect to the Internet.

Task 1

Execute the ipconfig command in the command line. Enter the IP address of your computer in a local network. Write down the subnet masksubnet masksubnet mask of your network and the gatewaygatewaygateway address. By using the Internet, find the service of displaying the IP address at which your network can be accessed on the Internet (e.g. mojip.pl).

Address classesaddress classesAddress classes:

Networks have been divided into classes: A, B, C , D and E, depending on their size. Class A networks are huge networks with the large number of computers (255.0.0.0), class B networks are middle‑sized (255.255.0.0), while class C networks are the smallest (255.255.255.0). Class D and E addresses have been reserved for group and test transmissions. Nowadays this division is no longer used and addresses are assigned regardless of the class of a network.

A domaindomaindomain name (domain) is an string of characters in the Domain Name System (DNS) that enables to find such resources as web sites, servers or the recipients of electronic mail. The domain name consists of two parts: a main name and an ending. The main name is any available name that a user wants to use in order to easily localise their services. Domain names are usually associated with the proper nouns of companies or their products. The ending of a domain can be selected from the list of available generic and country code domains. The registration of domains is managed by domain name registrars, which oversee the general principles of the reservation of domain names and IP addresses.

A subdomainsubdomainsubdomain is a network address that is the part of a main domain. For example, the addresses pl.wikipedia.org and en.wikipedia.org are subdomains of the main domain wikipedia.org, which is the subdomainsubdomainsubdomain of the org domain.

Generic domainsgeneric domainsGeneric domains are used to specify the character of the operations of the domain’s owner.

[Interactive graphics]

Task 2

Find the examples of network addresses including generic domainsgeneric domainsgeneric domains.

Country code domainscountry code domainsCountry code domains specify the location of the domain’s owner, for instance for domains registered in Poland the country code domaindomaindomain is .pl.

Task 3

Specify the country code domainscountry code domainscountry code domains for Poland, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Russia, Canada, the United States of America, China, Japan and the European Union.

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the standardised format of addressing the resources on the Internet and local networks. In the case of referencing web pages the simplest address has the form:

[Illustration 3]

Lesson summaryma7a99e049c0e51cb_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The number of IP addresses is limited, there are slightly over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. Will there be enough addresses for every user? Unfortunately no. Therefore subnetworks are created, whose addresses are composed of the so called private addresses, so that more users can share a public address.ma7a99e049c0e51cb_1527752263647_0The number of IP addresses is limited, there are slightly over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. Will there be enough addresses for every user? Unfortunately no. Therefore subnetworks are created, whose addresses are composed of the so called private addresses, so that more users can share a public address.

[Illustration 4]

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

address classesaddress classesaddress classes

country code domainscountry code domainscountry code domains

domaindomaindomain

gatewaygatewaygateway

generic domainsgeneric domainsgeneric domains

IP addressIP addressIP address

private addressesprivate addressesprivate addresses

public addressespublic addressespublic addresses

subdomainsubdomainsubdomain

subnet masksubnet masksubnet mask