Topicm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449000663_0Topic

Classical definition of probabilityprobabilityprobability. Properties of probability. Calculating probability of events

Levelm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

XII. Theory or probability and statistics. Basic level. The student:

1) calculates probability using the classical model.

Timingm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General objectivem9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449523725_0General objective

Choosing and creating mathematical models to solve practical and theoretical problems.

Specific objectivesm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449552113_0Specific objectives

1. Learning concepts related to calculating probability.

2. Learning properties of probability.

3. Communicating in English, developing basic mathematical, computer and scientific competences, developing learning skills.

Learning outcomesm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450430307_0Learning outcomes

The student:

- learns concepts related to calculating probabilityprobabilityprobability,

- learns properties of probability.

Methodsm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Situational analysis.

2. Asking the expert.

Forms of workm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450127855_0Introduction

Six students create three expert groups and prepare information for one of the following subjects before the lesson.

I. Experiments, elementary events, sample spacesample spacesample space, operations of events.
II. Identifying probability.
III. Properties of probability.
IV. Classical probability.

Procedurem9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528446435040_0Procedure

Students – experts present prepared information. After the presentation, they answer questions from other students and clarify doubts.

Information and examples that should be in experts’ presentations:

I EXPERT GROUP:

- An experiment – a repeatable experiment whose outcome we cannot predict.
- An elementary event – an outcome of the experiment.
- Sample space – a set of all elementary events, marked with the letter Ω (omega).
- A complementary event to the event A – an event A’ to which are favourable all elementary events that are not favourable to the A event.
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1527752263647_0- An experiment – a repeatable experiment whose outcome we cannot predict.
- An elementary event – an outcome of the experiment.
- Sample space – a set of all elementary events, marked with the letter Ω (omega).
- A complementary event to the event A – an event A’ to which are favourable all elementary events that are not favourable to the A event.

II EXPERT GROUP:

- ProbabilityprobabilityProbability defined on a finite sample space Ω is such function P that assigns to each event A, A ⊂ Ω a real number P(A) in such a way that:

(A1) P(A) ≥ 0,
(A2) P(Ω) = 1,
(A3) if A, B ⊂ Ω i A ∩ B = ∅, then P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).

- A pair (Ω, P) – probability space.

III EXPERT GROUP:

Properties of probability:

- P(∅) = 0,
- if A ⊂ B, then P(A) ≤ P(B),
- P(A) ≤ 1,
- P(A') = 1 - P(A),
- P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B),
- If events AIndeks dolny 1, AIndeks dolny 2, …, AIndeks dolny n ⊂ Ω are mutually exclusive then P(AIndeks dolny 1 ∪ AIndeks dolny 2 ∪ ... ∪ AIndeks dolny n) = P(AIndeks dolny 1) + P(AIndeks dolny 2) + ... P(AIndeks dolny n).

IV EXPERT GROUP:

- Classical probabilityprobabilityprobability definition.

If the sample spacesample spacesample space Ω is finite and all elementary events are equally probable and A is any event in this space, then: P(A)=AΩ.

Students work individually, using computers. Their task is to get to know the interactive illustration, that describes how to calculate probability of an event.

We calculate the probability of an event A where after rolling a symmetric, six‑sided dice and a flip a symmetric coin, we obtain an even number on the dice and heads.

[Illustration Interactive]

We roll the dice and flip the coin and get a set of elementary events: Ω = {O,1, O,2, O,3, O,4, O,5, O,6, R,1, R,2, R,3, R,4, R,5, R,6}
|Ω| = 12

A – event A is an event where we can heads an an even number
|A| = 3

Probability of the event A: P(A)=312=14=0,25

Probability of the event A is 0,25.

Task 1

We flip a symmetric coin three times.
a) Write all elements of the sample space Ω.
b) Write all elementary events favourable to events A and B if:
- A - the event where we get at least one heads,
- B - the event where we get heads three times or tails three times.
Give number of elementary events favourable to events A and B.
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1527752256679_0We flip a symmetric coin three times.
a) Write all elements of the sample space Ω.
b) Write all elementary events favourable to events A and B if:
- A - the event where we get at least one heads,
- B - the event where we get heads three times or tails three times.
Give number of elementary events favourable to events A and B.

Task 2

In a certain experiment, the set of elementary events is:

Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.

The set of elementary events favourable to events A, B and C is defined as follows:

A = { x: x ϵ Ω ʌ x ≤ 4},

B = { x: x ϵ Ω ʌ 3 ≤ x ≤ 5},

C = { x: x ϵ Ω ʌ 4 ≤ x ≤ 8}.

Write all elementary events favourable to events:

A, B, C, A ∪ B, A ∩ C, C’.

Task 3

A random letter was chosen from letters of the word PRAWDOPODOBIEŃSTWO. Calculate probabilityprobabilityprobability that it is letter P or O.

Task 4

Knowing that P(A)P(A')=5, calculate PA and PA'.

The teacher evaluates students’ work and clarifies doubts.

An extra task

Calculate P(A ∪ B) and P(A’ ∩ B’), knowing that:

- A ⊂ Ω and B ⊂ Ω are mutually exclusive events,
- P(A') = 23,
- P(B') = 12.

Lesson summarym9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Students do the revision exercises. Then together they sum‑up the classes, by formulating the conclusions to memorise.

- An experiment – a repeatable experiment whose outcome we cannot predict.
- An elementary event – an outcome of the experiment.
- Sample space – a set of all elementary events, marked with the letter Ω (omega).
- A complementary event to the event A – an event A’ to which are favourable all elementary events that are not favourable to the A event.
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1527752263647_0- An experiment – a repeatable experiment whose outcome we cannot predict.
- An elementary event – an outcome of the experiment.
- Sample space – a set of all elementary events, marked with the letter Ω (omega).
- A complementary event to the event A – an event A’ to which are favourable all elementary events that are not favourable to the A event.

- ProbabilityprobabilityProbability defined on a finite sample space Ω is such function P that assigns to each event A, A ⊂ Ω a real number P(A) in such a way that:

(A1) P(A) ≥ 0,
(A2) P(Ω) = 1,
(A3)    if A, B ⊂ Ω i A ∩ B = ∅, then P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).

- Classical probability definition.If the sample spacesample spacesample space Ω is finite and all elementary events are equally probable and A is any event in this space, then: P(A)=AΩ

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

complementary event to the event Acomplementary event to the event Acomplementary event to the event A

elementary eventelementary eventelementary event

experimentexperimentexperiment

probabilityprobabilityprobability

sample spacesample spacesample space

m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1527752263647_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1527752256679_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449000663_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449084556_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449076687_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449068082_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449523725_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449552113_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450430307_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449534267_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528449514617_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450135461_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450127855_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528446435040_0
m9c8d2ba8f1aca513_1528450119332_0
probability1
probability

prawdopodobieństwo

Rss5VGVDwNErk1
wymowa w języku angielskim: probability
sample space1
sample space

przestrzeń probabilistyczna

R7uAQoIiR9Hkt1
wymowa w języku angielskim: sample space
complementary event to the event A1
complementary event to the event A

zdarzenie przeciwne do zdarzenia A

RMuXU0ZPVQ0jD1
wymowa w języku angielskim: complementary event to the event A
elementary event1
elementary event

zdarzenie elementarne

RjP1WCO0VPFra1
wymowa w języku angielskim: elementary event
experiment1
experiment

doświadczenia losowe

RP0NfYyu1kMVn1
wymowa w języku angielskim: experiment