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Precipitation of sediment pt 2

Dissolving paint in a water
Source: Photo by Lurm on Unsplash.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • that salts are a group of ionic chemical compounds, composed of cations of metals and anions of an acid radical;

  • that there are salts which dissolve in water and those, which are sparingly soluble or practically insoluble in water;

  • that based on the solubility table, it can be determined whether ions present in the solution will react with each other, a chemical compound that is sparingly soluble in water.

You will learn
  • to predict whether mixing of substances that undergo dissociation will (or will not) create a sparingly soluble compound;

  • to explain what the precipitation reaction is;

  • to present chemical equations for precipitation using molecular, complete ionic and net ionic formulas.

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Anticipation of the precipitation reaction course

When we mix solutions of substances which occur in the form of ions, it may happen that a cation of one substance will create a sparingly soluble compound with an anion of the other substance. We then observe precipitation.

To anticipate whether the precipitation will occur after mixing two ionic substances, we can use the solubility table. On its basis we can assess whether the ions present in the formed mixture will create a sparingly soluble compound.

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Ilustracja interaktywna - tabela rozpuszczalności soli i wodorotlenków. Pionowo kationy metali (cations), poziomo aniony (anions). Można z niej odczytać przewidywalny przebieg reakcji. Tabelka zawiera litery: R - substancja rozpuszczalna w wodzie - substance soluble in water, T - substancja trudno rozpuszczalna w wodzie - the substance is sparingly soluble in water, N - substancja praktycznie nierozpuszczalna w wodzie - substance practically insoluble in water, X - substancja rozkłada się w wodzie lub nie została otrzymana - the substance is decomposed in water or has not been obtained
Task 1

Before you conduct experiment „Obtaining calcium phosphate”, formulate research question and hypothesis.

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Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.
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Film pokazuje eksperyment. Problem badawczy: Otrzymywanie trudno rozpuszczalnego w wodzie fosforanu pięć wapnia. Hipoteza: Otrzymasz go w wyniku reakcji strącania. Zmieszasz dwa roztwory, z których jeden będzie zawierać kationy wapnia, a drugi – aniony fosforanowe pieć. Będziesz potrzebować: probówki, statyw do probówek, pipety, bagietki, zlewki, woda, roztwór chlorku wapnia, roztwór fosforanu pięć potasu, roztwór azotanu pięć wapnia, roztwór fosforanu pięć sodu. Instrukcja: Do probówki wlej około dwa centymetry sześcienne roztworu soli jeden, a następnie około dwa centymetry sześcienne roztworu soli dwa.
Obtaining calcium phosphate (V)
Experiment 1
Research problem

How to make a calcium phosphate that is sparingly soluble in water?

Hypothesis

It is formed as a result of the precipitation reaction. We will mix two solutions, one of which will contain calcium cations, and the other one – phosphorus anions.

You will need
  • test tubes, test tube stand, pipettes, glass rods, beakers,

  • water, calcium chloride solution, potassium phosphate solution, calcium nitrate solution, sodium phosphate

Instruction

Pour approx. 2 cmIndeks górny 3 of the salt solution (I), and then approx. 2 cmIndeks górny 3 of the salt solution (II) to a test tube. Observe the changes, note the observations in the worksheet. Perform subsequent experiments in a similar manner.

Summary
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Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).

Can precipitation of sparingly soluble compound be planned?

If we want to carry out a precipitation reaction, we have to mix together two solutions of soluble substances, the ions of which will form a sparingly soluble compound.

In order to obtain, for example, calcium phosphate that is sparingly soluble in water, we have to mix together two solutions, one of which should contain calcium cations, and another one – phosphate anions. Then it will be possible to precipitate the required salt from the solution.

Calcium phosphate can be formed as a result of mixing together the solutions of appropriate salts. Below there are examples of two possible reactions of obtaining calcium phosphate:

  1. The reaction of potassium phosphate with calcium chloride

  • molecular equation: 2KIndeks dolny 3POIndeks dolny 4 + 3CaClIndeks dolny 2 → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2↓ + 6KCl

  • complete ionic equation: 6KIndeks górny + + 2POIndeks dolny 4Indeks górny 3- + 3CaIndeks górny 2+ + 6ClIndeks górny - → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2 + 6KIndeks górny + + 6ClIndeks górny -

  • net Ionic equation: 2POIndeks dolny 4Indeks górny 3- + 3CaIndeks górny 2+ → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2

  1. The reaction of sodium phosphate with calcium nitrate

  • molecular equation: 2NaIndeks dolny 3POIndeks dolny 4 + 3Ca(NOIndeks dolny 3)Indeks dolny 2 → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2↓ + 6NaNOIndeks dolny 3

  • complete ionic equation: 6NaIndeks górny + + 2POIndeks dolny 4Indeks górny 3- + 3CaIndeks górny 2+ + 6NOIndeks dolny 3Indeks górny - → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2 + 6NaIndeks górny + + 6NOIndeks dolny 3Indeks górny -

  • net Ionic equation: 2POIndeks dolny 4Indeks górny 3- + 3CaIndeks górny 2+ → CaIndeks dolny 3(POIndeks dolny 4)Indeks dolny 2

Precipitation reactions occurring in water between salts as well as salts and hydroxides are the examples of an exchange reaction:

salt 1 + salt 2 → salt 3↓ + salt 4
salt 1 + hydroxide 2 → hydroxide 1↓ + salt 2

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Exercise 1
Indicate sentences that are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The precipitation reaction consists in the fact that the products of reaction of two salts soluble in water are two different salts soluble in water., 2. Lead(II) sulfate is a salt soluble in water., 3. Lead(II) nitrate is a salt soluble in water., 4. The essence of the precipitation reaction is the reaction between metal cations and anions of acid radicals, as a result of which sediment of this salt is formed., 5. As a result of reaction of lead(II) chloride with barium nitrate sediment is formed.
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Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.

Conclusion

  • Reactions occurring in an aqueous solution between ions from two different substances, which together form a sparingly soluble compound, are called precipitation reactions.

  • Precipitation reactions can be predicted on the basis of the solubility table by checking whether the ions that are found in the solution after mixing of two soluble substances will combine into a compound that is sparingly soluble in water.

  • Reaction between salts as well as between salts and hydroxides are examples of an exchange reaction.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

sediment, salt, precipitation reaction, precipitation, hydroxide, salts and hydroxides solubility table

Glossary

precipitation reaction
precipitation reaction
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nagranie dźwiękowe slówka

reakcja strąceniowa – reakcja chemiczna zachodząca w roztworze wodnym między jonami pochodzącymi od zmieszanych ze sobą substancji, prowadząca do powstania trudno rozpuszczalnego związku, który wytrąca się z roztworu w postaci osadu