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Polar covalent bonds

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • that chemical elements may bond to each other;

  • what chemical compounds are;

  • how to determine the number of valence electrons in atoms of some chemical elements;

  • how to explain what a molecule is;

  • how to describe the structure of the molecules given as an example.

You will learn
  • to describe a covalent (atomic) bond;

  • to describe a polar covalent bond.

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Polarized binding

Task 1

Search the Internet, the textbook and the e‑textbook for the information on bonds in the water molecule. Build such molecule on the interactive board using the Lewis structure for hydrogen and oxygen.

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Write the electron formula for the water molecule.
Task 2

Watch the presentation „The formation of a hydrogen chloride molecule” and pay attention to how hydrogen and chloride atoms bond.

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Nagranie audio prezentujące the formation of HCI molecule.

The electron pair between the atoms of hydrogen and chlorine in the hydrogen chloride molecule does not belong equally to both atoms, but is shifted towards the one that more strongly attracts electrons, in this case – towards the chlorine atom. The described bond is a special type of covalent bond, called polar covalent bond (polar atomic bond)polar covalent bond (polar atomic bond)polar covalent bond (polar atomic bond).

The polar covalent bond is formed between atoms belonging to different nonmetals. They share electrons, and the formed bonding pair or pairs of electrons are shifted towards the atom with a greater electron attracting capacity. Most often it is an atom with a higher number of electrons on the last energy level.

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Formulas of illustrative chemical compounds built from molecules with polar covalent bonds

Carbon dioxide molecular structure

Atoms of various nonmetals can share more than 1 pair of electrons. An example of a chemical compound in whose molecules this process occurs is carbon dioxide. Its molecules are composed of 2 oxygen atoms connected to one carbon atom.

The carbon atom is in the 14th group of the periodic table and its last electron energy level is formed by 4 electrons. Oxygen atoms have 6 valence electrons. Each of the atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule complements its last energy level to 8 electrons: oxygen atoms give 2 electrons each for shared use with a carbon atom, and a carbon atom shares also 2 electrons with each of them. It can be calculated that for the formation of bonds, oxygen atoms use 2 electrons, while the carbon atom – a total of 4 electrons.

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Lewis dot structure of the carbon dioxide molecule

A molecule of carbon dioxide has the following molecular formula: CO2.

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The atoms of oxygen and carbon differ in the ability to attract electrons, the oxygen atom has stronger properties in this respect. For this reason, in the carbon dioxide molecule, bonding pairs of electrons are closer to the atoms of oxygen.

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Atoms of oxygen in the molecule of carbon dioxide attract electrons stronger than an atom of carbon
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Carbon dioxide molecular structure

Tasks

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Exercise 1
Mark true statements. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The chemical bond consisting in the joining of atoms by means of shared electron pairs which are shifted towards the atom that attracts electrons stronger, is a polar covalent bond., 2. The ammonia molecule has one triple chemical bond., 3. Dipole is a molecule with two similarly charged poles., 4. A water molecule is a dipole., 5. There are two double bonds in the carbon dioxide molecule., 6. There is one double bond in the water molecule.

Summary

  • The chemical bond bind atoms together.

  • When atoms are connected by a covalent (atomic) bond, they share 1, 2 or maximum 3 pairs of electrons.

  • Each chemical element, if possible, strives to attain electron configuration of the noble gas closest in the periodic table.

  • Atoms of nonmetals form covalent bonds.

  • Atoms belonging to different nonmetals form polar covalent bonds.

  • Structures built of atoms connected by a covalent (atomic) bond are called molecules.

  • Atoms in the following molecules: Cl2, H2, N2 form covalent (atomic) bonds and their bonding pairs of electrons are equally shared by both atoms in the molecule.

  • In the molecules: HCl, H2O, CO2, NH3 there are polar covalent bonds, formed by common pairs of electrons located closer to atoms with a greater number of valence electrons.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 3.1

Fluoride is a chemical element that at room temperature occurs in the form of diatomic molecules. Draw the Lewis dot and dash structure and the molecular formula for its molecule. Indicate bonding and nonbonding pairs of electrons in the Lewis dash structure.

Keywords

polar covalent bond, atomic bond, molecule, atom, molecular formula, electronic formula

Glossary

covalent bond (atomic bond)
covalent bond (atomic bond)
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie kowalencyjne (wiązanie atomowe) – rodzaj wiązania chemicznego, które polega na tworzeniu wspólnych par elektronowych (maksymalnie trzech)

polar covalent bond (polar atomic bond)
polar covalent bond (polar atomic bond)
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie kowalencyjne spolaryzowane (wiązanie atomowe spolaryzowane) – wiązanie chemiczne polegające na tworzeniu wspólnych par elektronowych (maksymalnie trzech), które są przesunięte w kierunku atomu silniej przyciągającego elektrony

molecular formula
molecular formula
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wzór sumaryczny – wzór przedstawiający liczbę i rodzaj atomów wchodzących w skład najmniejszej struktury zbudowanej z atomów połączonych ze sobą za pomocą wiązań chemicznych, np. wzór cząsteczki