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Simple vibrating motion and quantities describing it. Examples of vibrating motion

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Ruch drgający prosty i wielkości go opisujące. Przykłady ruchu drgającego

You will learn
  • how to define and describe the vibrating motion,

  • use the term of vibration amplitude, period and frequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrations,

  • indicate the position of the balance in English.

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nagranie abstraktu

Observing the movement of the weight suspended on the spring, answer the following questions.

1. Is the weight movement a periodic or repetitive motion in time?
2. Is there a specific position of the weight around which this movement takes place?
3. Does the weight move with constant acceleration during vibrations?

Conclusion
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nagranie abstraktu

The weight suspended on the spring after precipitating it from the equilibrium position performs simple harmonic vibrations.

The weight suspended on the spring performs simple harmonic motions.
It is a periodic movement that repeats in time.
There is a characteristic point around which this movement takes place.
This characteristic point is called the position of balance.

Selected examples of vibrating motionvibrating motionvibrating motion
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nagranie abstraktu

A weight was hung on the spring, which was then set in a vibrating motion. During vibrations, the position of the weight was recorded and the obtained result was plotted on the graph. Below there are some slides from the experiment.

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Prezentacja slajdów – ruch ciała zawieszonego na sprężynie. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Deflection of the body from the equilibrium position
Definition: Deflection of the body from the equilibrium position
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nagranie abstraktu

The deflection of the body from the equilibrium position is the distance of the body from the position of equilibrium. Usually it is marked with the letter x.

Amplitude of vibration
Definition: Amplitude of vibration
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nagranie abstraktu

The amplitude of vibration is the maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its position of rest. Usually it is marked with the letter A.

Vibration period
Definition: Vibration period
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nagranie abstraktu

The vibration period is the shortest time after which the movement begins to repeat. It is a time needed to perform one full vibration.

Comment

When we want to determine practically the period of vibrations, the best method of it is to determine the time t needed to perform n full vibrations. The vibration periodvibration periodvibration period is then determined from the formula:

T=tn
Vibration frequency
Definition: Vibration frequency
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nagranie abstraktu

Vibration frequency is the number of vibrations performed within one second.

f=nt=1T

The unit of frequency is [1s=Hz].

Open the applet showing simple harmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillations.

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Geogebra aplet - drgania. Galeria z opisami alternatywnymi poniżej.
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1

1. Set X01 = X02 = 0.
2. Determine T1 = T2 .
3. Observe how the vibration plots change depending on the amplitudes A1  and A2 .
4. Explain how the vibration amplitude influences the shape of the graphs.

Task 2

1. Set X01 = X02 = 0.
2. Determine A1 = 2A2 .
3. Observe how the vibration plots change depending on T1  and T2 .
4. Explain how the frequency of one and the other body can be determined on the basis of the graph.

Task 3

1. Set A1 = A2 .
2. Determine T1 = T2 .
3. Observe how the vibration plots change depending on X01  and X02 
4. Explain if the change of X01  or X02  affects the vibration frequency of both bodies.

Summary
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nagranie abstraktu
  • The vibration movement takes place around a point called the equilibrium positionequilibrium positionequilibrium position.

  • The quantities describing the vibration motion are:

    • the amplitude of vibrationsamplitude of vibrationsamplitude of vibrations A - the maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its position of rest; unit - meter [m],

    • the vibration periodvibration periodvibration period T - the time needed for one full vibration; the unit - second [s],

    • the vibration frequency f - number of vibrations per unit of time; unit - hertz [Hz],

  • The frequency and the period are related to each other in the following way:

    f=1T
  • The examples of vibrating systems are: the mathematical pendulummathematical pendulummathematical pendulum and the spring weight that perform harmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillations.

  • The graph of the time dependence in the harmonic motionharmonic motionharmonic motion is a sinusoid. From this graph you can read the amplitude and period of vibration.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The body performed 120 vibrations in 1 minute. The vibration frequency of this body is 2 Hz., 2. All vibrations observed in nature are simple harmonics motions., 3. The first body vibrates with a vibration period of 0,5 s and the second one with a frequency of 2 Hz. These bodies are perform the same number of vibrations in one minute.
Exercise 2

The body, performing vibrations on a certain spring, has the mass of 100 g. Its vibration period is equal to 1 second. It is known that the period of body vibration on the spring is proportional to m . Calculate the vibration frequency of the weight of 400 g suspended on this spring.

Exercise 3

Construct a mathematical pendulum, i.e. on a thin thread of the known length l, and hang a small size body of mass m (e.g. a metal nut suspended on a thread).

Examine and describe in English how the oscillation period of this pendulum depends on the length of the thread l. Make a plot of dependence of the oscillation period on the pendulum period T and the thread length l.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. drgania harmoniczne - harmonic oscillations, 2. okres drgań - vibration period, 3. amplituda drgań - amplitude of vibrations, 4. częstotliwość drgań - frequency of vibrations, 5. wahadło na sprężynie - equilibrium position, 6. wahadło matematyczne - pendulum on the spring
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

harmonic oscillations
harmonic oscillations

drgania harmoniczne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: harmonic oscillations
vibration period
vibration period

okres drgań

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wymowa w języku angielskim: vibration period
amplitude of vibrations
amplitude of vibrations

amplituda drgań

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wymowa w języku angielskim: amplitude of vibrations
frequency of vibrations
frequency of vibrations

częstotliwość drgań

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wymowa w języku angielskim: frequency of vibrations
mathematical pendulum
mathematical pendulum

wahadło matematyczne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: mathematical pendulum
pendulum on the spring
pendulum on the spring

wahadło na sprężynie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: pendulum on the spring
equilibrium position
equilibrium position

położenie równowagi

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wymowa w języku angielskim: equilibrium position
elongation
elongation

wydłużenie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: elongation
harmonic motion
harmonic motion

ruch harmoniczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: harmonic motion
vibrating motion
vibrating motion

ruch drgający

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wymowa w języku angielskim: vibrating motion

Keywords

harmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillations

vibration periodvibration periodvibration period

amplitude of vibrationsamplitude of vibrationsamplitude of vibrations

frequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrations

equilibrium positionequilibrium positionequilibrium position