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Structure of the atom

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Budowa atomu

You will learn

  • how the atom is built and what it is made of,

  • be able to discuss the properties of the atomic nucleus components in English.

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nagranie abstraktu
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

nagranie abstraktu

Answer the introductory questions for the lesson.

  1. What is matter consist of?

  2. What is the electric charge? What properties does an electric charge have?

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nagranie abstraktu
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

nagranie abstraktu

The atomatomatom is made up of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electronelectronelectron sphere around it.

Electrons circulating at different distances from the nucleus form electron shells. The number of shells is variable. However, we are able to determine how many electrons are on a given shell.

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Pokaz slajdów – budowa atomu. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).

Zasób interaktywny dostępny pod adresem https://zpe.gov.pl/a/DtGtdrI7o

Structure of the atom
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1

From the available materials, create a model of the oxygen atom.

Use the information that there are 8 neutrons and 8 protons in the nucleus of the atom, and the electrons are circling around the nucleus: 2 in the closer orbit and 6 in the further orbit.

Summary
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nagranie abstraktu
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

nagranie abstraktu

  • Atoms consist of the nucleus and the electrons surrounding it. In the nucleus there are nucleons: protons and neutrons.

  • Neutrons are electrically neutral particles; protons carry a positive electric charge and electrons - negative.

  • In an electrically neutral atomatomatom, the number of protons and electrons is the same. In this case, the total charge of protons and electrons is zero.

  • Atoms with the number of electrons different from the number of protons are called ions that are atoms having an electric charge.

  • The properties of atoms depend mainly on the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Groups of atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus and different number of neutrons are referred to as the isotopes of a given elementelementelement (determined by the number of protons).

  • Atoms are the basic elements building matter from the point of view of chemistry and remain the smallest particles distinguished by chemical methods. They do not change in chemical reactions.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Atom - is the smallest part of the chemical element that maintains its chemical properties., 2. Atoms of the same elements have different properties (size, mass, colour). Atoms of the same elements join together to form molecules., 3. Atoms of various elements have the same properties, e.g. size, mass, and can combine with each other to form a chemical compound., 4. The structure of an atom - an atom consists of a nucleus in which there is a positively charged proton and a neutron that has no charge. Outside of the nucleus, electrons with a positive charge circulate around closed curves called orbits or shells., 5. The electrons on the last orbits are called valence electrons. Atom in the ground state is electrically neutral, i.e. it has as many electrons as protons. The structure of the atom resembles the Solar System, in the middle is the Sun (nucleus), and beyond it the planets (electrons) circulate.

Determine which sentences are true.

  • Atom - is the smallest part of the chemical element that maintains its chemical properties.
  • Atoms of the same elements have different properties (size, mass, colour). Atoms of the same elements join together to form molecules.
  • Atoms of various elements have the same properties, e.g. size, mass, and can combine with each other to form a chemical compound.
  • The structure of an atom - an atom consists of a nucleus in which there is a positively charged proton and a neutron that has no charge. Outside of the nucleus, electrons with a positive charge circulate around closed curves called orbits or shells.
  • The electrons on the last orbits are called valence electrons. Atom in the ground state is electrically neutral, i.e. it has as many electrons as protons. The structure of the atom resembles the Solar System, in the middle is the Sun (nucleus), and beyond it the planets (electrons) circulate.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2

If n is the number of the orbit (counting from centre of the atomatomatom) then the maximum number of electrons that can fit in such an orbit is expressed by the formula:

k=2n2

where:
n - the number of another orbit,
k - the number of electrons on the n‑orbit.

Orbits are usually marked with capital letters K, L, M, N, O, P, R, ... etc.

Using the periodic table of elements, complete the table below specifying the electronelectronelectron configurations. Give the right number of electrons to the name of each orbit.

Atomic number A

Element

K

L

M

N

O

24

chromium

2

8

14

0

0

palladium

uranium

carbon

copper

Exercise 3

Nowadays the view about the structure of an atom differs significantly from the first theory of it. Use the knowledge available to you and point out some basic differences. Write a short note in English on this topic.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. atom - atom, 2. proton - element, 3. pierwiastek - proton, 4. orbita elektronu - electron orbit, 5. elektron - electron

Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly.

  • atom - atom
  • proton - element
  • pierwiastek - proton
  • orbita elektronu - electron orbit
  • elektron - electron
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Match Polish terms with their English equivalents.
  • orbita elektronu
  • atom
  • elektron
  • atom
  • electron orbit
  • electron
  • proton
  • pierwiastek
  • element
  • proton
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

atom
atom

atom

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wymowa w języku angielskim: atom
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wymowa w języku angielskim: atom

electron
electron

elektron

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electron
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electron

electron orbit
electron orbit

orbita elektronu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electron orbit
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electron orbit

element
element

pierwiastek

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wymowa w języku angielskim: element
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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wymowa w języku angielskim: element

proton
proton

proton

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wymowa w języku angielskim: proton
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

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wymowa w języku angielskim: proton

Keywords

atomatomatom

electronelectronelectron

protonprotonproton

Scenariusz