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Vision defects – short-sightedness and long-sightedness and their correction

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Wady wzroku – krótkowzroczność i dalekowzroczność oraz ich korekcja

Learning objectives

You will learn
  • different eye defects and methods of their correction,

  • able to explain the reasons of short‑sightedness and long‑sightedness.

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Before you start revise.

  • What is the phenomenon of refraction of light?

  • How the image is created in the converging lens?

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The eye is our organ of sight. The eyeball has a number of components. Some of them are explained below.

Read the definitions and find these components in the picture. Check if your answer is correct by pressing the appropriate buttons on the picture.

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Cornea
Definition: Cornea

The transparent part at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye onto the lens.

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Lens
Definition: Lens

A transparent structure behind the pupil that refracts incoming light and focuses it onto the retinaretinaretina. The lens is able to change shape in order to improve the focus.

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Iris
Definition: Iris

The coloured part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, it is able to contact and dilate in order to control the size of the pupil depending on the light intensity.

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Sclera
Definition: Sclera

The outer white part of the eye that protects the inner structures.

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Retina
Definition: Retina

This is the light sensitive layer inside the eye that contains light sensitive photoreceptive cells called rods and cones. These cells change light into sight by converting light into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are sent from the retina to the brain by means of optic nerve and interpreted as images.

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Optic nerve
Definition: Optic nerve

Nerve that transmits visual information from the retinaretinaretina to the brain.

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Ciliary muscle
Definition: Ciliary muscle

A muscle which controls the shape of the lens.

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Ilustracja interaktywna zatytułowana Human eye anatomy przedstawia anatomię ludzkiego oka. Rysunek po lewej opisany the eye przedstawia ludzkie oko z oznaczonymi numerami elementami: 1 - kanalik łzowy, 2 - dolna powieka, 3 - tęczówka, 4 - źrenica, 5 - białko oka, 6 - rzęsy. Rysunek po prawej opisany eyeball przedstawia gałkę oczną z oznaczonymi numerami elementami: 7 - kanalik łzowy, 8 - rogówka, 9 - soczewka, 10 - nerw wzrokowy, 11 - siatkówka, 12 - twardówka, 13 - mięsień rzęskowy. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. tear duct {audio}, 2. eyelid {audio}, 3. iris {audio}, 4. pupil {audio}, 5. white {audio}, 6. eyelashes {audio}, 7. tear duct {audio}, 8. cornea {audio}, 9. lens {audio}, 10. optic nerve {audio}, 11. retina {audio}, 12. sclera {audio}, 13. ciliary muscle {audio}.
Human eye anatomy
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Image formation in the eye

The objects reflect light. This light enters the eye through the corneacorneacornea. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil, surrounded by the irisirisiris. The lens refracts and focuses light on the retina. The formed image is inverted. The ciliary muscleciliary muscleciliary muscle controls the shape changes of the lens, so the lens can focus light reflected from objects located at different distances. Once the image is clearly focused on the sensitive part of the retina, an electrical signal is created and carried to the brain through the optic nerveoptic nerveoptic nerve. In addition to inverting the image formed on the retinaretinaretina, the brain is also able to combine the images from both eyes to give us the perception of image depth.

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Image processing by human eye
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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AccommodationaccommodationAccommodation

The eye can adapt the shape and curvature of the lens to adjust the degree of refraction. The ability of the eye to adjust its focal length is known as accommodation. It allows light reflected from near or distant objects to be focused onto the retinaretinaretina. Accommodation is automatic and occurs instantaneously.

Accommodation is achieved by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles, which slacken or stretch the suspensory ligaments of lens.

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Accommodation
Definition: Accommodation

The ability of the eye to adjust its focal length.

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Defects of the eye

A normal, healthy eye can see objects clearly at very far distances down to about 25 cm from the eye. 

Human eye is the natural convex lens which refracts light. The most common vision problems are refractive errors, more commonly known as short‑sightedness, long‑sightedness and astigmatism. Defects of the eye can be either congenital or acquired.

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Astigmatism
Definition: Astigmatism

It is common vision condition that causes blurred vision. The light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina, instead some focus on the retinaretinaretina and some focus in front of or behind it. The reason can be irregularly shaped corneacorneacornea or sometimes the curvature of the lens inside the eye. Astigmatism can usually be corrected by using a special cylindrical lens.

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Long‑sightedness (Hyperopia)
Definition: Long‑sightedness (Hyperopia)

This is a defect of vision in which there is difficulty with near vision but far objects can be seen easily. The image is focused behind the retina rather than upon it. This occurs when the eyeball is too short or the refractive power of the lens is too weak. Hyperopia can be corrected by wearing glasses or contacts that contain convex lenses.

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Short‑sightedness (Myopia)
Definition: Short‑sightedness (Myopia)

This is a defect of vision in which far objects appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly. The image is focused in front of the retinaretinaretina rather than on it usually because the eyeball is too long or the refractive power of the eye's lens too strong. Myopia can be corrected by wearing glasses or contacts that contain concave lenses.

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Vision defects
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Summary
  • Eye is one of our five senses and allows vision.

  • AccommodationaccommodationAccommodation causes that a normal, healthy eye can see clearly very distant objects as well as these placed at about 25 cm in front of it. Sometimes refracting problems may occur, which could be either congenital or acquired. The commonly known are myopiamyopia myopia, hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia and astigmatismastigmatismastigmatism.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Light enters eye through a transparent membrane known as cornea., 2. In a healthy human eye image is formed behind retina., 3. The lens can change its shape to focus on nearby and distant objects., 4. Variation of focal length by eye to form a sharp image on retina is called aperture.
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Exercise 2
Assign the correct words or expressions: ciliary muscle, optic nerve, retina, cornea, sclera, iris.
A tough white protective layer: [tu uzupełnij]
This contains a layer of receptor cells which are sensitive to light: [tu uzupełnij]
This controls the shape of lens: [tu uzupełnij]
The cells of the retina send signal to the brain along: [tu uzupełnij]
This is the transparent part of the sclera: [tu uzupełnij]
Exercise 3

Explain in English what astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia are.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. akomodacja - accommodation, 2. nerw wzrokowy - optic nerve, 3. siatkówka - retina, 4. twardówka - sclera, 5. krótkowzroczność - hyperopia, 6. nadwzroczność - myopia
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

accommodation
accommodation

akomodacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: accommodation
astigmatism
astigmatism

astygmatyzm

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wymowa w języku angielskim: astigmatism
ciliary muscle
ciliary muscle

mięsień rzęskowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ciliary muscle
cornea
cornea

rogówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: cornea
hyperopia
hyperopia

nadwzroczność

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wymowa w języku angielskim: hyperopia
iris
iris

tęczówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: iris
myopia
myopia

krótkowzroczność

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wymowa w języku angielskim: myopia
optic nerve
optic nerve

nerw wzrokowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: optic nerve
retina
retina

siatkówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: retina
sclera
sclera

twardówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: sclera
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Keywords

myopiamyopia myopia – wada oka polegająca na wyraźnym widzeniu przedmiotów znajdujących się blisko, podczas gdy przedmioty znajdujące się w oddali wydają się być nieostre

hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia – wada oka polegająca na wyraźnym widzeniu przedmiotów znajdujących się daleko, podczas gdy przedmioty blisko oka widziane są nieostro

retinaretinaretina

corneacorneacornea

astigmatismastigmatismastigmatism