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Why the nucleus is stable - mass defect and binding energy

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Dlaczego jądro jest trwałe – deficyt masy i energia wiązania

You will learn
  • calculate binding energy and mass defect for any isotope.

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nagranie abstraktu

Before you start, remind.

  • What structure a nucleus has?

Atomic mass unit
Definition: Atomic mass unit
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nagranie abstraktu

Masses of proton, neutron and electron are often given in terms of an atomic mass unit, where one atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon C12 atom.

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nagranie abstraktu

In nuclear physics the energy is often expressed in electronovolt, where 1 eV = 1,6 ∙ 10Indeks górny -19 J.

By applying the Einstein law on the equivalence of mass and energy, the mass can be expressed as:

m=Ec2

hence 1MeVc2=1,781030 kg.

Particle

Mass (kg)

Mass (u)

Mass (MeV/cIndeks górny 2)

1 atomic mass unit

1,660540 ∙ 10Indeks górny -27

1,000931,5

931,5

neutron

1,674929 ∙ 10Indeks górny -27

1,008664

939,57

proton

1,672623 ∙ 10Indeks górny -27

1,007276

938,28

electron

9,109390 ∙ 10Indeks górny -31

0,00054858

0,511

Mass defect
Definition: Mass defect
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nagranie abstraktu

nucleusnucleusnucleus consists of protons and neutrons, commonly called nucleons.

The original mass of nucleus is found to be less than the sum of individual masses of its constituents. Mass defectmass defectMass defect which is the difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleus constituents and its mass, is equivalent to the energy released during the formation of nucleusnucleusnucleus.

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Po lewej stronie ilustracji interaktywnej przedstawione jest jądro atomowe, opisane numerem 1, złożone z małych niebieskich kulek symbolizujących neutrony oraz zielonych kulek z zaznaczonym w środku plusem symbolizujących protony. Na środku rysunku zaznaczony jest plus, po którym napis binding energy oraz strzałka pozioma skierowana w prawo wskazująca na pojedyncze zielone i niebieskie kulki symbolizujące odseparowane nukleony, opisane numerem 2. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. nucleus has smaller mass {audio}, 2. separated nucleons have greater mass {audio}.
Separation of a nucleus
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

The mass defectmass defectmass defect is given by the formula:

m=Z·mp+(A-Z)·mn-mnucleus

where:
- mIndeks dolny p is proton mass,
- mIndeks dolny n is neutron mass,
- mIndeks dolny nucleus is mass of nucleus.

Exercise 1
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nagranie abstraktu

H24e is the most abundantabundantabundant isotope of helium. Its mass is 6,6447 ⋅ 10Indeks górny -27 kg. What is the mass defectmass defectmass defect?

Binding energy
Definition: Binding energy
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nagranie abstraktu

The nuclear binding energybinding energybinding energy accounts for the noticeable difference between the actual mass of nucleusnucleusnucleus and its expected mass. This is the energy necessary to hold the nucleus together.

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nagranie abstraktu

According to the Einstein's law of conversion of mass to energy the binding energy of nucleus is given as:

E=mc2

where:
- Δm is the mass defectmass defectmass defect,
- c is the speed of the light.

To predict stabilitystabilitystability of nucleus binding energybinding energybinding energy per nucleonnucleonnucleon is often used:

Enucleon=mc2A

where:
- A is the mass number of a given nucleus.

The binding energybinding energybinding energy per nucleon is the amount of energy that must be delivered to the nucleusnucleusnucleus to extract one nucleonnucleonnucleon from it. If you want to obtain independent free particles instead of a nucleus, you should provide energy equal to the total binding energy.

In the graph the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number is presented. 

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nagranie abstraktu
  • The averageaverageaverage binding energy per nucleon is about 8 MeV. Only the lighter nuclei have smaller binding energy per nucleon.

  • The maximum binding energy per nucleon is at about A = 50. The iron nucleusnucleusnucleus is located near the maximum. Its binding energy per nucleon is 8,8 MeV making it one of the most stable nuclide.

  • Nuclei with very low or very high mass numbers have smaller binding energy per nucleon and are less stable.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2
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nagranie abstraktu

Calculate binding energybinding energybinding energy of the nuclide 510B where the mass of its nucleus is 10,0129 u. Write the result in J and MeV.

Remember
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nagranie abstraktu
  • Mass defectmass defectMass defect which is the difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleusnucleusnucleus constituents and its mass, is equivalent to the energy released during the formation of nucleus.

  • Binding energy is energy required to separate the protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus.

Exercises

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Exercise 3
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The binding energy of a nucleus is equivalent to the product of the mass defect and the square of the speed of light., 2. The mass of a hydrogen atom defines the atomic mass unit., 3. Iron is the most stable nuclide., 4. The mass defect represents the binding energy of the nucleons.
Exercise 4

The mass of a C612 nucleus is exactly 12 u.

What is the mass defect of this nucleus? What is the binding energy of this nucleus?

Exercise 5

Present in English what information the binding energy curve delivers.

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Exercise 6
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. deficyt masy - mass defect, 2. energia wiązania - binding energy, 3. średnia - average, 4. prawo zachowania - conservation law, 5. stabilność - abundant, 6. nukleon - nucleus
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

mass defect
mass defect

deficyt masy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: mass defect
binding energy
binding energy

energia wiązania

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wymowa w języku angielskim: binding energy
average
average

średnia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: average
conservation law
conservation law

prawo zachowania

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wymowa w języku angielskim: conservation law
stability
stability

stabilność

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wymowa w języku angielskim: stability
nucleus
nucleus

jądro

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nucleus
nucleon
nucleon

nukleon

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nucleon
abundant
abundant

powszechny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: abundant

Keywords

mass defectmass defectmass defect

binding energybinding energybinding energy

averageaverageaverage

conservation lawconservation lawconservation law

stabilitystabilitystability